Monday 20 December 2021

University of New South Wales spotlights 10 landscape architecture and design projects

desk that transforms into a space for quiet study and a vessel that lets people grow mushrooms at home are included in Dezeen's latest school show by the University of New South Wales.

Also included is a project that explores the benefits of marine habitats and farming, and another that looks at the regeneration of Sydney's Bays West Precinct.


University of New South Wales

School: University of New South Wales
Courses: Landscape Architecture, Industrial Design and Computational Design

School statement:

"At the School of Built Environment, we shape future cities – cities that are resilient, sustainable, connected, healthy, smart, liveable, and inclusive.

"We focus on the challenges of cities at every scale, from industrial designed products to the architectural design of buildings and landscapes, through to urban and regional policy and planning.

"Our education and research respond to the changing needs of the professions while also anticipating the future challenges society faces.

"We develop skilled and creative graduates, with conscience, who can positively engage, adapt and design our future cities for the benefit of all people, with the planet firmly in mind."


An illustration of a post-industrial landscape, which supports ecological and urban growth

Butterfly Knot: Connecting Human and Non-human Ecologies by Yee To Ng

"Butterfly Knot is a project that explores the regeneration of Sydney's Bays West Precinct into a post-industrial landscape that blurs transit-oriented development with ecological and urban growth.

"Rather than positioning transport as an 'other' to ecology, it investigates opportunities of 'fluttering' between the two programmes.

"The image depicts a hybrid space programmed with a working port, a butterfly pollination zone, and a pedestrian-friendly precinct.

"How can we as landscape architects and agents of change test ideas to design the urban realm to be one of both human and non-human equality?"

Student: Yee To Ng
Course: Bachelor in Landscape Architecture
Tutors: Patrick Franklyn and Mike Harris
Email: toto9829[at]gmail.com


A visualisation of a vibrant green space

Lusty Street Reserve, Bardwell Valley Parklands Green Grid Priority Corridor by Zhiyuan Wu

"This project shows the important intersection of a 'natural green corridor' with a newly created urban vitality centre.

"A vibrant urban green space, integrated into a complete green corridor system, serves as an important connection point for walking and cycling network in the area.

"It is full of popular recreational opportunities to enhance the life quality and wellbeing of the community."

Student: Zhiyuan Wu
Course:
Master of Landscape Architecture
Tutors:
Sara Padgett Kjaersgaard and Lee Roberts
Email:
wzy19970527[at]qq.com


A visualisation of Turrella Station North Park, Bardwell Valley Parklands Green Grid Priority Corridor by Yudi Li

Turrella Station North Park, Bardwell Valley Parklands Green Grid Priority Corridor by Yudi Li

"The site is surrounded by light industrial, commercial buildings adjacent to Wolli Creek and Turrella North train station.

"Flooding is one of the key issues in this area of the Bardwell Valley Parklands green corridor.

"The design proposes to improve the connections, protect and enhance the environment. It also seeks to conserve culture and heritage, and provide facilities for leisure and recreation.

"Turrella Station North creates a vibrant recreational community for surrounding and future residents. At the same time, this riparian area mitigates the flooding caused by future sea-level rise."

Student: Yudi Li
Course:
Masters of Landscape Architecture
Tutors:
Sara Padgett Kjaersgaard and Lee Roberts
Email: udi.landscapearchitect[at]gmail.com


Photographs of "robotic office furniture"

Expanse Robotic Office Furniture by Anthony Franco

"In small office environments, space and privacy are a premium.

"Open-plan office designs provide better support of collaborative tasks at the expense of focused, private individual work.

"Expanse allows users to choose when they want to work collaboratively or privately by allowing a small desk space to transform into a private enclosure when necessary.

"When Expanse is open, it not only provides visual and sound privacy but also acts as a social barrier as it visually communicates that a person is doing focused work, creating a culture of respect for the privacy needs of individuals."

Student: Anthony Franco
Course:
Bachelor of Industrial Design
Tutors:
Andrew Simpson, Gonzalo Portas, Christian Tietz, Belinda Dunstan and Oya Demirbilek
Email: avfranco98[at]yahoo.com.au


A photographer of Mycelia Houses: Mushrooms Within the Home by Caitlin Duffus

Mycelia Houses: Mushrooms Within the Home by Caitlin Duffus

"Mycelia House is a functional, beautiful, and simple vessel that showcases the beauty of mushrooms and supports its growth within the home.

"It aims to reconnect us with our innate nature – our human nature, through the display, caring for and nourishment of mushrooms as a living entity and as a food source.

"As we have evolved to live in urban areas and are currently experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic, there is a disconnection and are craving a deeper relationship with ourselves, the natural world, and our daily routine.

"We seek products that we can connect and emotionally relate with. With trends arising in the localisation of food production and DIY alternatives, as well as a love for houseplants, the concept for mycelia houses was manifested."

Student: Caitlin Duffus
Course:
Bachelor of Industrial Design
Tutors:
Oya Demirbilek, Rina Bernabei, Gonzalo Portas and Andrew Simpson
Email:
caity.duff[at]gmail.com


A photograph of Lever Weeder is a specialised weed management solution

Lever Weeder: Bush Regeneration Tool by Sabrina Piro

"Lever Weeder is a specialised weed management solution for the manual removal of crowning grasses.

"Designed to be used by bush regenerators, this solution meets specialised needs for targeted application and robust functionality, which are lacking in currently used broad-spectrum equipment and domestic weeders.

"It provides a simple leverage-based solution that removes crowning grasses at a reduced strain on the body, minimised disturbance of surrounding land and eliminates use of herbicides.

"The product facilitates use by a wide variety of individuals, including the vast number of landholders and volunteers who do not possess herbicide certifications."

Student: Sabrina Piro
Course:
Bachelor of Industrial Design
Tutors:
Gonzalo Portas and Andrew Simpson
Email:
pirosabrina1998@gmail.com


Ubiquitous Cities by Anthony Franco

"The computational design course introduces and critiques discourses, policies, and case examples of regional and global digital, ubiquitous and smart city thinking and initiatives.

"This knowledge further informs an exploration of the application of computational thinking and methods to urban and spatial analysis, and the creation of design projects that adopt principles of physical computing, interaction design and human-machine interaction. This is demonstrated in the Ubiquitous Cities project."

Student: Anthony Franco
Course:
Computational Design
Tutors:
Nicole Gardner
Email:
a.franco[at]student.unsw.edu.au


UrbanAI by multiple students

"Urban heat islands in cities is a global problem but a major concern for Western Sydney.

"Here, students worked towards translating the phenomena of solar radiation and visualising the effect of different surface materials on the air temperature.

"Students used voxelization to visualise how air temperature changes and alter during a day depending on the surface temperature."

Students: Multiple
Course:
Computational Design
Tutors:
Daniel Yu and M Hank Haeusler


A visualisation of a city with aquaculture elements throughout
Kelp! I'm Drowning by Shirelle Altona

"Kelp! I'm Drowning! questions the design of aquaculture in the public realm.

"Can aquaculture offer resilience in city-making to sea level rise? What if site limits become opportunities for regeneration? How can toxic soil and water regenerate intertidal habitats?

"If marine habitats and marine farming intersect with the public realm, can they provide food, ecology, waste management, joy, and beauty?

"From city-scale to algae-scale, this project not only offers possibilities deeply connected to the site, but w(h)ets the appetite for hope."

Student: Shirelle Altona
Course:
Bachelor in Landscape Architecture
Tutors:
Patrick Franklyn and Mike Harris
Email: shirellealt[at]gmail.com


CoDe Graduation Project by Garry Zhang

"In partnership with industry partner HDR Sydney the graduation project investigated the development of a Transit-Oriented Development Assistive Interface (TODAI).

"Zhang investigated and design a real-time TOD (Transport Orientated Development) planning urban form that updates itself based on input and analytical reporting on population density, development density, urban mix index, amenity index and walkability.

"Zhang could develop a TOD Planning Support prototype in Grasshopper environment, has implemented methods to reflects on key metrices important for TOD development, provided a set of tools through simulation, optimisation and machine learning to provide quick design interactions – all to assist the decision-making process of urban designers."

Student: Garry Zhang
Course:
Computational Design
Tutors:
Nicole Gardner, Ben Doherty, Daniel Yu, and M. Hank Haeusler
Email:
g.zhang[at]student.unsw.edu.au

Partnership content 

This school show is a partnership between Dezeen and the University of New South Wales. Find out more about Dezeen partnership content here.

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"I would like to think that my ethics may continue" said Richard Rogers in 2013 video interview

Richard Rogers

Renowned British architect Richard Rogers, who died on Saturday, reflected on his legacy and told the stories behind his Centre Pompidou in Paris and Lloyd's building in London in this video interview filmed by Dezeen in 2013.

In the short film, the Pritzker Prize-winning architect discusses his practice Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, his key influences and the ups and downs of a career that spanned half a century.

The interview was filmed at RSH+P's offices in London in 2013 ahead of the opening of Inside Out, a retrospective exhibition of his work at the Royal Academy in London.

At the time, Dezeen published a series of videos in which the architect spoke about his key projects.

This edit focuses on two early projects that helped to launch Rogers' career: the 1977 Centre Pompidou in Paris and the 1986 Lloyd's building in London.

"I would like to think that my ethics may continue"

Rogers studied at the Architectural Association in London and Yale School of Architecture in New Haven, USA.

After graduating in the 1960s, the collective Team 4, which comprised Rogers alongside Norman Foster, Wendy Cheeseman and Su Brumwell, went on to pioneer high-tech architecture.

In 1977, the British architect set up his own practice Richard Rogers Partnership, which was renamed Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners in 2007.

The practice is owned by a charity and abides by a constitution that redistributes profits amongst employees and other charitable bodies.

Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners also boycotts work that involves the military, incarceration or arms manufacturers, opting instead for socially driven projects.

"At 80, you can see an end will be coming," Rogers said in the video. "But I would like to think that my ethics may continue."

Architects "have a responsibility to society," he added. "And that gives us a role as architects that is more than just answering the client but also to answer the passerby and society as a whole."

The Italian-born architect immigrated to Britain with his family in 1939. In addition to negative Italian stereotypes, the architect also had difficulty with his then-undiagnosed dyslexia.

"Those gave me a lot of problems for the first 30 years," said Rogers. "But the last 30 years have been fantastic."

"I often say I enjoyed myself much more in the last third of my life than I have in my first third," he added.

Centre Pompidou
Centre Pompidou by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano

Centre Pompidou, Paris, France (1977)

Completed in 1977, the Centre Pompidou is a landmark art gallery and cultural centre located in Paris' fourth arrondissement.

The high-tech building, which was designed in partnership with Italian architect Renzo Piano, has received widespread critical acclaim but was initially met with hostility from the locals.

"I remember once standing outside on a rainy day and there was this small woman with an umbrella," Rogers recalled in the video. "She said: 'What do you think of this building?' And, stupidly, I said: 'I designed it,' and she hit me on the head with the umbrella."

Since its completion, the Centre Pompidou has had more than 150 million visitors and it is now celebrated as one of Paris' most important cultural landmarks.

Lloyd's building
Lloyd's building in London

Lloyd's building, London, UK (1986)

Built in 1986 as the headquarters of insurance firm Lloyd's of London, the inside-out building represents Rogers' return to architectural practice after work dried up.

"We took about seven years to build the Centre Pompidou," said Rogers. "At the end of it, there was no other work. Nobody wanted another Centre Pompidou".

The steel-and-glass tower, which has mechanical services on its exterior, was designed in response to a competition by Lloyd's calling for a modern building that could stand the test of time.

"Lloyds said they wanted two things: they wanted a building that would last into the next century – we made that one – and they wanted a building that would meet their changing needs," said Rogers.

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Dezeen's top 10 product launches of 2021

Satan Shoes

In the first design instalment of our review of 2021, we round up the top 10 product launches this year, including a biodegradable face mask and a pair of laceless Nike trainers.


Satan Shoes by Lil Nas X and MSCHF
Image courtesy of MSCHF

Satan Shoes by Lil Nas X and MSCHF

Human blood is said to be inside the cushions of these limited-edition Nike trainers by American musician Lil Nas X and Brooklyn brand MSCHF.

Other devilish details include an upside-down cross on the tongue and the numbers 6/666 written in red above the heel.

Find out more about Satan Shoes ›


Compact Life by ECAL students
Image courtesy of Muji and ÉCAL

Compact Life by Muji and ÉCAL

Tables, shelves and chairs that can collapse and fit into small spaces form this furniture collection by design brand Muji and students from ÉCAL.

The items, which were unveiled at this year's Milan design week, were created based on research into the particular needs and requirements of European students.

Find out more about Compact Life ›


Matchspel chair from gaming furniture collection by IKEA and Republic of Gamers
Photo courtesy of IKEA

Gaming furniture by IKEA and Republic of Gamers

In February, Swedish retail giant IKEA released its first line of furniture designed especially for PC gaming.

The collection was made in collaboration with popular hardware brand Republic of Gamers and features four desks with matching chairs as well as a broad accessories range. Items such as extra-large mousepads and desk-mounted cup holders are specifically designed to support gamers' needs.

Find out more about IKEA gaming furniture ›


Manifesto recycled plastic bottle by Virgil Abloh for Evian
Photo courtesy of Evian

Evian water bottle by Virgil Abloh and Evian

The late fashion designer Virgil Abloh created a 500-millilitre water bottle made almost exclusively from recycled plastic that can also be fully recycled at the end of its life.

"I wanted to create a shape that was as iconic as the Evian brand, whilst representing how the product has been reinvented using old bottles," said Abloh.

He gave the bottle a distinctive "hammered" texture intended to reference its reconstruction from waste materials.

Find out more about Evian water bottle ›


Wondaleaf Unisex Condom by John Tang
Photo courtesy of Wondaleaf

Wondaleaf Unisex Condom by Wondaleaf

A condom that can be worn by both males and females during sex was created by Malaysian gynaecologist John Tang.

The 0.03 millimetre-thick condom is made from transparent polyurethane and can either be attached to the base of a penis or turned inside out and stuck around a vagina.

Find out more about Wondaleaf Unisex Condom ›


Marie Bee Bloom flower seed face masks by Marianne de Groot-Pons
Photo courtesy of Marie Bee Bloom

Marie Bee Bloom masks by Marie Bee Bloom

Dutch brand Marie Bee Bloom embedded flower seeds into rice paper masks that can biodegrade in nature or landfills. The masks serve as an alternative to disposable personal protective equipment (PPE) made from plastics.

The idea is that when the seeds start to germinate, they will eventually blossom into a small patch of wildflowers.

Find out more about Marie Bee Bloom masks ›


Allen key lamp by Gelchop for Ikea Art Event 2021
Photo courtesy of IKEA

Allen key lamp by Gelchop for IKEA

Japanese design studio Gelchop designed a light for IKEA that comes in the same shape as the Allen key in a nod to the company's flat-pack furniture legacy.

The lamp is one of ten pieces of homeware items created by IKEA in collaboration with five different artists and designers including Sabine Marcelis and Snarkitecture co-founder Daniel Arsham.

Find out more about Allen key lamp ›


Laceless Nike trainers
Photo courtesy of Nike

Nike GO FlyEase by Nike

American sportswear brand Nike released the GO FlyEase trainers, which can be put on and removed without using hands, laces or fastenings thanks to a hinge that connects two sections of the shoe.

"Shoes for a long time have been a bit antiquated in the way that we undo the laces and then lace them up, this is a more modern, more elegant way to get in and out of your shoes and an easier way – you don't even think about it," said Nike design lead and American Paralympic triathlete Sarah Reinersten.

Find out more about Nike GO FlyEase ›


A blue and white Tokyo 2020 Olympic bed and mattress
Photo courtesy of Airweave

Tokyo 2020 Olympics beds by Airweave

Athletes at the postponed Tokyo 2020 Olympics and Paralympic Games slept on beds made from recycled cardboard and customisable mattresses.

Designed to help meet the Games' Sustainability Plan, the beds were donated to Japanese organisations after the games to avoid landfill.

Find out more about Tokyo 2020 Olympics beds ›


WaterLight by E-Dina and Wunderman Thompson used for night fishing
Photo courtesy of E-Dina

WaterLight by E-Dina

Colombian renewable energy start-up E-Dina developed WaterLight – a cordless light that can convert saltwater or urine into electricity. When filled with 500 millilitres of seawater, the device can emit up to 45 days of light.

WaterLight is currently designed for use by the Wayúu people, an indigenous tribe who live on the northernmost tip of South America between Colombia and Venezuela, but the brand hopes it will be available to other off-grid communities soon.

Find out more about WaterLight ›

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Architects and creatives remember "superstar" architect Richard Rogers

Richard Rogers portrait

Creatives including Peter Barber, Charles Holland and Julia Barfield are among those to have paid their respects to Pritzer Prize-winning architect Richard Rogers, who passed away this weekend at the age of 88.

British-Italian architect Rogers, one of the world's leading architects, is best known for his iconic high-tech architecture including the Centre Pompidou and Lloyd's building.

His death in London on Saturday evening was confirmed to the New York Times by his son Roo Rogers and on the website of his studio, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners (RSHP).

"Rogers was the most fantastic bloke"

Tributes to Rogers flooded social media over the weekend, led by fellow Pritzker Architecture Prize-winner Norman Foster who said the architect was his "oldest and closest friend".

"Richard Rogers was a great pioneering architect of the modern age, socially committed and an influential protagonist for the best of city life – such a legacy," Foster said.

Among the others mourning his loss were British architects Barber and Barfield, who are both former employees of RSHP, then Richard Rogers Partnership (RRP).

Norman Foster and Richard Rogers at Team 4 reunion
Above: Norman Foster (left) with Richard Rogers (middle). Image courtesy of Foster + Partner

"Richard Rogers was the most fantastic bloke….he really was….so charming and charismatic. He was very very kind to me," Barber wrote on Twitter.

Barfield, the co-founder of Marks Barfield Architects, said finding out the news was "such a sad day".

"Richard's generosity of spirit and breadth of vision are my enduring memory - it made working in RRP in heady days of Inmos & Lloyds so exciting & fun," she added.

"I was so proud to have met him"

Current RSHP partner Tracy Meller said: "we have lost a great friend, architect and inspirational leader".

"His legacy lives on in all of us lucky enough to have worked with and learnt from him," she shared on Twitter.

Writer and PR Rob Fiehn, who also formerly worked at Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners as media coordinator, said it was "difficult to explain what it was like to work for Richard Rogers".

"I'm pretty sure he's the only starchitect who regularly took part in the inter-practice softball league," he wrote on LinkedIn.

"He put people at the heart of studio life and it resulted in some groundbreaking architecture," he said. "I hope we can all learn from that."

The Lloyd's building in London
Rogers is the architect behind The Lloyd's building in London. Photo is by Richard Bryant, courtesy of arcaidimages.com

Photographer Jim Stephenson also recalled Roger's generosity, while taking to Twitter to share stills from a film he made with him several years ago.

"Richard Rogers was so open from the moment he walked over until the moment we had everything we needed (and more)," Stephenson said.

"I was so proud to have met him and spend that short time with him. Complete superstar."

"He was one of the world's most influential architects"

Another key figure to pay their respects was the mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, who said he was "terribly saddened to learn of the death of Richard Rogers".

"He was one of the world's most influential architects and the brilliant mind behind some of London's most iconic buildings."

Architectural academic Eamonn Canniffe said Rogers' work was "full of joy", while The Design Museum said it "helped change London".

"We are sorry to hear of the loss of Richard Rogers, a brilliant architect and friend of the museum," the museum shared on Twitter.

"He designed some of the great buildings of the twentieth century, and helped change London, both as an architect and an urban thinker. He leaves behind an incredible legacy."

Richard Rogers Centre Pompidou
Peter Rice, Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers at the Centre Pompidou. Photo is by Tony Evans

Writer and curator Vicky Richardson said that while Rogers' death was "a huge loss" for the industry, it was "also a chance to celebrate a heroic life".

"Richard Rogers was a true humanist who transformed architecture, cities and public life," she added.

"He shaped a generation"

Grimshaw principal Angela Dapper and Charles Holland were two other architects who took to Twitter to pay tribute.

"Just today I was giving the kids a city tour and was telling them how inspirational his buildings were," Dapper said. "He shaped a generation of architecture and architects - and will always be an inspiration."

"What a remarkable life," wrote Holland, the principal of Charles Holland Architects. "The Pompidou Centre and the Lloyds building are two of the most brilliant and audacious buildings ever."

Insurance company Lloyd's of London, which occupies Rogers' iconic high-tech Lloyd's building in London, said that it was "extremely saddened by the passing of Richard Rogers".

"Tomorrow, as a mark of our deep respect, we will remember Richard's life and ring the Lutine Bell, an emblem of Lloyd's he was known to love," the company wrote on Twitter, referring to a bell salvaged from HMS Lutine that is now used for ceremonial purposes at their headquarters.

Rogers proved dyslexia "wasn't a barrier in design"

The news of Rogers' death also saw his scornful school report from the Architectural Association in 1958 recircle on social media, in which it was declared that the architect's entry into the fourth year was "not successful".

Architect and researcher Marianna Janowicz said: "I remember seeing [the report card] at the RA show and feeling reassured".

Designer Adam Nathaniel Furman added that Rogers, who was dyslexic, "inspired those of us who navigate the world with dyslexia to see that it in itself wasn't a barrier in design".

Writer and editor Hugh Pearman also hailed Rogers' achievements, despite these barriers.

"A dyslexic kid who came late to literacy, was never much good at drawing and always struggled to express himself verbally," Pearman wrote.

"What a career in architecture and politics, what a life, what great parties."

The portrait of Rogers is by Andrew Zuckerman, courtesy of RSHP.

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McDonald's opens "UK's first net-zero restaurant"

Net-zero McDonald's

Fast-food chain McDonald's has opened what it claims is the UK's first net-zero carbon restaurant building.

Built using natural or recycled materials and powered by a combination of wind turbines and solar panels, the restaurant, in Market Drayton, Shropshire, was designed to meet net-zero standards in both its construction and everyday operation.

However, McDonald's confirmed to Dezeen that consumption-based emissions associated with its beef-heavy menu have not been taken into account – meaning that the restaurant overall is not net-zero in the strictest sense.

Fast food restaurant
McDonald's said it intends to use the project as a "blueprint" for future restaurants

For a building to be net-zero it must remove as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as it emits throughout its lifespan, both in the form of embodied carbon and operational carbon associated with construction, occupation and eventual demolition.

McDonald's said the Market Drayton eatery is the first in the country which fits into the UK Green Building Council's (UKGBC) net-zero carbon buildings framework.

It plans to use the design as a "blueprint" for McDonald's new builds around the UK from 2022, with some of the sustainable measures already being implemented at other outlets.

The building was designed by Hertfordshire studio Scurr Architects, while Manchester-based AEW Architects handled site design.

"At McDonald's, we believe that our food needs to be served in restaurants that are sustainable for the future," said Beth Hart, McDonald's vice president of supply chain and brand trust.

"Market Drayton is a big step towards making that a reality, enabling us to test and put into practice what a net-zero emissions building, both in build and use, really looks like."

Drive-thru
The drive-thru lane was built using recycled tyres

The restaurant's walls are insulated with wool from British sheep instead of man-made materials, while the cladding is crafted from recycled IT equipment and white household goods.

Signs are made from used McDonald's coffee beans, in what the chain described as an example of its action to introduce "circular waste solutions".

In the car park, more than 1,000 kerbstones were made from 182 recycled plastic bottles each, which McDonald's said reduced carbon emissions by 25 kilograms per kerb compared to conventional concrete examples.

Designed to have "McDonald's look and feel"

The drive-thru lane was constructed from recycled tyres, producing less greenhouse gas than tarmac and reducing the amount of water washing down the drain by being more absorbent.

Power is provided by two on-site wind turbines and 92 square metres of solar panels, together producing 60,000-kilowatt-hours of energy per year.

Local school children have also designed a biodiversity garden and nature trail for behind the restaurant.

Signs made from ground coffee
Wall signs were made from used coffee beans

Despite the green innovations, the Big Mac maker said the restaurant "has been deliberately designed to retain the familiar McDonald's look and feel", in order to make it easier to replicate on other sites.

In response to a question from Dezeen about whether it used carbon offsetting for the Market Drayton restaurant, which is required in most cases to achieve net-zero status for buildings, McDonald's said that where it could not decarbonise beyond construction impacts, energy use and producing renewable power, it neutralised "any remaining emissions with high-quality carbon removal projects".

McDonald's has set itself a target to make all 1,400 of its restaurants and offices in the UK meet net-zero emissions standards by 2030, and for its entire UK and Ireland business, including food, to follow suit by 2040.

Its next commitment is for all furniture in its new and refurbished restaurants to be made from recycled or certified materials and designed to be recycled or reused by 2023.

By 2025, it has pledged to have a "market-leading vegan, plant-based food and drinks offering".

"The challenge of decarbonising the construction industry is a complex one, but McDonald's commitment to building the first restaurant in the UK in line with UKGBC's net-zero carbon buildings framework is a critical first step," said Simon McWhirter, director of communications, policy and places at UKGBC.

"We welcome the ambition to achieve net-zero emissions for all McDonald's restaurants and offices by 2030."

The photography is by Anthony Devlin and Richard McCarthy/PA Wire.

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